Challenges in Searching Online Communities

Knowledge Management in Railway Industry: A Conceptual Model Based on Open Innovation and online Communities

Organizations need to be capable of attracting external knowledge. This activity is extremely related to innovation process and particularly to open innovation approach. Therefore, this qualitative research is designed to identify the dimensions and components for providing a conceptual model of KM architecture by open innovation approach based on online communities in the grounded theory frame...

Online Judgment in the Context of International and National Rules: Ethical and Legal ‎Challenges

Background: Online judgment is an economical and faster way than the judicial one. With the ‎development of technology in recent decades, it has also been possible to make judgments ‎online. Although few countries have incorporated this approach into their laws, online ‎judgments are being developed and implemented in various areas such as international trade or ‎intellectual property. The pres...

Recognizing the Opportunities and Challenges of Marginalizing Women's Resilience Against Disasters, A Narrative Review Study

Introduction: Disasters are increasing all over the world and have affected people's lives. In many of these situations, gender inequalities limit the influence and control of women and girls in the decisions governing their lives. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the opportunities and challenges related to the resilience of marginalized women against different types of d...

Issues and Challenges to Socialization of Academic Norms in Scientific Communities in Iran

Guessing in Multiple Choice Questions: Challenges and Strategies

Introduction: Guessing is one of the most challenging issues in multiple choice questions. Several strategies, such as negative scoring, have been suggested for preventing students from choosing the right answer just by chance. However, there is no general agreement on using such strategies. The aim of this study was to review the scoring methods which are used for reducing guessing, and evalua...